Graphics
Graphics
Webster defines graphics as the art or science of drawing- especially mechanical drawing.
However the term graphics or graphic materials has broader meaning than drawing alone.
The original Greek graphikos included painting as well as drawing, and the verb graphein means “to write” as well as “to represent by means of lines.
The instructional values of graphic materials lie generally in their capacity to attract attention and to convey certain types of information in condensed, summarized form.
Charts
Charts
It is a diagrammatic presentation
We may chart something or draw a chart to delineate--- for example, to clarify the relationship among individuals within organization, the ingredients in a product or in a process, the sequence of events in historical period.
When we make a chart, we symbolize by arranging materials visually in a clarifying manner.
Kinds of Charts
1. Time Charts
2. Tree or steam Charts
3. Flow or organization Charts
4. Comparison and Contrast Charts
Time Charts (or Tabular Charts)
Time Charts (or Tabular Charts)
Present data in ordinary sequence
Examples:
railroad time table
lists of presidents of a country like Philippines, with dates of terms at the left and other information in columnar form
Tree or Steam Charts
Tree or Steam Charts
Depicts development, growth and change by beginning with a single source (the trunk) which then spreads out into many branches, or by beginning with the many tributaries which then converge into a single channel (the stream
Example of Tree Chart:
Genealogical tree (family tree)
Biology books often use it for showing how many contemporary forms of plants or animal life developed from a single source.
Example of Steam Chart:
Evolution of atomic energy (typical subject for stream chart)
Flow or Organization Charts
Flow or Organization Charts
Represent---- by rectangles, lines and sometimes arrows and circles--- the functional relationship within an organization
Examples:
Government, commonly depicts the congress, president, the Supreme Court
Large Corporation, to give their personnel a view of their structures
Dynasties, to show succession of power over hundreds of years
Government, commonly depicts the congress, president, the Supreme Court
Large Corporation, to give their personnel a view of their structures
Dynasties, to show succession of power over hundreds of years
Comparison and Contrast Charts
Comparison and Contrast Charts
It tells a summarized story by the simple device of showing two or more sets of data in columnar form.
Comparison and Contrast Charts
Sources of Charts
Many of your Charts will originate in same sources to which you turned for diagrams---
newspapers
books
magazines
free materials from government agencies
business firms
non-commercial organization
Making and Using Charts
You will often use opaque projection and tracing in preparing your own charts when drawings are involved.
Lettering cannot be easily managed readily through these devices unless the words are large and few.
You can learn to do your own lettering or you can buy plastic, felt, metal, gummed-paper, pasteboard, or other alphabets in several sizes and styles.
The surface on which you prepare your chart can be selected from a wide assortment of paper, board, cloth and other materials available in your school or from a stationery store.
Glossy surfaces sometimes produce glare; papers with too soft texture may cause your ink to run.
Once these mechanical details are under control, you can proceed to plan the over-all arrangement. Sketch lightly in pencil all the elements to be included--- and then check your work against the following questions:
Is the chart easy to read?
Is it simple?
Are the elements crowded?
Will color clarify or complicate the total effects?
You can revise the first arrangement by choosing simpler words, shorter statements and other simplifications.
After the final plan is revised, proceed with the execution; it may be wise to develop them one at a time.
There are several ways to do this:
Strips of paper may be use to conceal the points. When the first point is mentioned, the first strip is removed and so on.
The chart may be built up to separate strips which are tacked onto the display board with the printed side concealed. As each point is made, its strip is removed and tacked on its normal position.
The flip-over chart exposes a new point as each page is flipped--- much as flips pages in a notebook with a ring binder.
Graphs
Graphs
diagrammatic treatment of numerical data
Five Common Types of Graphs
1. Area and Solid Diagrams (or Graphs)
2. Bar Chart (or Graphs)
3. Pictorial Statistics
4. Pie Chart (or Graphs)
5. Line or curve Graphs
Area and Solid Diagrams(or Graphs)
Area and Solid Diagrams(or Graphs)
These are geometric shapes—rectangles, circles, triangles, etc.--- in other two dimensions (“area” figures) or three dimensions (“solids”)
The shape itself is merely a device for representing the two or three items and for conveying differences in size.
When we look at two circles or two cubes, for example, we get approximate rather then exact impressions of difference. Optical illusion interfere; and it takes a considerable skill to see at a glance whether the large circle is five or six or seven times greater in area or in volume than the smaller circle.
The difficulty is even greater when we make visual comparisons of solid forms, for three dimensions are more difficult to imagine than two.
But this inherent limitation of area or solid graphs becomes unimportant when we want to show striking differences. There is an additional possibility of producing attractive effects with pictorial forms and we can always specify the differences accurately by means of numbers below the symbols.
Area and Solid Diagrams(or Graphs)
Bar Charts (or Graphs)
Bar Charts (or Graphs)
It is a pictorial rendition of statistical data in which the independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph.
Often be read with extreme accuracy.
Often be read with extreme accuracy.
Bar Charts (or Graphs)
Pictorial Statistics
Pictorial Statistics
Use conventionalized pictorial symbols in place of bars
When graphing data with these pictorial statistics, we assign specific quantities to each isotype and then repeat them to represent the amounts
There can be no questioning the charm or popularity of pictorial graphs of this kind. Students and adults respond to them; one investigator found that they “generated more interest than the conventional graphs”
When graphing data with these pictorial statistics, we assign specific quantities to each isotype and then repeat them to represent the amounts
There can be no questioning the charm or popularity of pictorial graphs of this kind. Students and adults respond to them; one investigator found that they “generated more interest than the conventional graphs”
Pictorial Statistics
Pie Charts(or Graphs)
Pie Charts(or Graphs)
It represents the total numerical amount and each slice is a specific percentage
Excellent as it is, the pie graph can sometimes unwieldy. If the slices are too thin--- if the percentages are very small fractions, they may be difficult to represent clearly. If there are too many slices in the pie, the observer may be become confused.
However, these can be overcome when there is space enough for writing the actual percentage of each slice
Pie Charts(or Graphs)
Line or Curve Graphs
Line or Curve Graphs
Normally the most appropriate device for presenting exact data is the line or curve graph
It can be as accurate as a table of printed statistics- indeed, it is a graphic translation of such a table.
It can be drawn upon grid of some kind. Each “position” (point of intersection) represents certain numerical data
It combines quantity with an additional dimension- usually time.
Hence, it serves well for showing progress, development or change over a period of time
Line or Curve Graphs
Making Graphs
You will obtain graphs as you obtain diagrams and charts.
Bear in mind that: because you are showing quantitative comparisons, the presentation should be accurate.
If the rectangles in an area diagram are to show 9-to-1 proportion, see that your rectangles approximate this proportions in an area.
Since all graphs except pictorial statistics are made with lines or curves, your basic tool are the ruler and compass.
